The skin
is an excellent record keeper; every moment spent in the sun adds up. Even if a
client has only ever had one deep sunburn, that may be all that is needed to produce
wrinkles.
The
accumulation of this damage may lie beneath the surface of the skin,
manifesting in signs of irreversible damage 15 to 20 years later.
Some of these
changes, however, can be seen early on in clients that are in their 20s. Up to
90 percent of the visible skin changes commonly attributed to aging are caused
by the sun, specifically ultraviolet light.
Ultraviolet
light induces and accelerates skin changes that lead to signs of aging,
including wrinkles, uneven skin tone, yellow- or gray-appearing skin, uneven
pigmentation, and age spots.
Diminished cell turnover is also present, leading
to cellular buildup that increases the opacity of the skin, making it less
translucent. Color and texture can become altered and uneven when desquamation becomes
irregular.
Exposure to Sunlight
Sunlight
is comprised of varying wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation; this
radiation ranges from very short cosmic rays to very long radio waves. The
entire range of rays is often referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum. Only
a small portion of the spectrum is visible, comprising about 35 percent. Sixty
percent of the spectrum is infrared, which is felt as heat, and the remaining 5
percent is made up of ultraviolet rays. The ultraviolet range spans from 100 to
400 nanometers in length; UVA rays comprise the range of 315 to 400 nanometers,
UVB rays are in the range of 280 to 315 nanometers, and UVC rays make up the
range of 100-280 nanometers.
When
sunlight strikes the skin, some of the rays are reflected, some are scattered,
and others are absorbed. Absorption of ultraviolet and visible light occurs due
to melanin granules in epidermal cells. Melanin protects the skin from the
damaging effects of sunlight. Exposure to sunlight – especially UVA and UVB
radiation – stimulates the production of melanin, resulting in a pigmentation
increase. Melanin pigments are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. An
increased production of melanin in the skin is known as melanogenesis. This
process is stimulated by DNA damage to the skin, which is induced by UVB
radiation. Tyrosinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of melanin and
other pigments from tyrosine by oxidation.
There are
different forms of melanin: eumelanin, which has a black/brown pigment, and
pheomelanin, which has a yellow/red pigment. Melanocytes are melanin-producing
cells located in the stratum basale.
Melanin
Synthesis
Ultraviolet
rays generate free radicals that wreak havoc on cellular material. They are not
only capable of altering the DNA, but may also affect the membranes surrounding
skin cells, destroying or altering the enzymes and proteins required for
cellular metabolism and affecting amino acids. Exposure to ultraviolet light
breaks down the skin's connective tissue – collagen and elastin – which lies in
the dermis. Without the supportive connective tissue, the skin loses strength
and flexibility, sagging and wrinkling prematurely.
Fortunately,
the body is constantly trying to repair the damage of this vicious free radical
assault. While the body's defense system is repairing damaged sites, skin cells
are releasing the byproducts of this assault and repair process. The skin's
inflammatory response may initially be seen as erythema, which results from
dilation of blood vessels in the dermis as a response to the cell damage and
repair process. Erythema is an indication of damage to the skin inflicted by
the sun. Following erythema or sunburn, the skin responds by proliferating cell
production and producing melanin, which gives the appearance of a tan. While
some like the look of a tan, it is a strong indication that severe photoaging
has begun.
The best
way to combat photoaging is by keeping the skin protected. Protective clothing
and the use of sunscreen is important. The skin must be protected from both UVA
and UVB irradiation, so a full or broad spectrum sunscreen is necessary.
Physical blocks, such as titanium and zinc oxide, are the most effective at
providing protection from both UVA and UVB radiation.
Step-By-Step Procedure
Perform
the following treatment monthly to brighten and even skin tone; reduce the
appearance of hyperpigmentation, dark spots, and age spots that are caused by
the sun; exfoliate; moisturize; and provide anti-aging benefits:
Skin care
professionals should prepare for the facial by securing the client's hair,
disinfecting their hands with antimicrobial hand wipes, and removing any eye
makeup the client may be wearing. To remove eye makeup, saturate a cotton
square with a gentle cleanser. Have the client close their eyes and, using
downward strokes, clear away the makeup. Rinse the area well with water and a
clean cotton square.
Cleanse
the client's skin with a brightening cleanser that is comprised of natural
lightening ingredients, such as willow bark, gotu kola, and licorice extracts.
Using circular motions, gently remove the cleanser with a cotton square
saturated in lukewarm water. Repeat the rinsing until all residue is thoroughly
removed. Pat the skin dry with a clean tissue and proceed to protect the
eyelids by placing therapeutic eye pads over the eyes.
In a
small glass bowl, combine a 35% glycolic peel with a few anti-inflammatory
ingredients. Utilize a facial brush to distribute the peel to the face and
neck. Leave this treatment on for five to seven minutes. If the client
experiences a slight stinging, assure them that it is normal and will subside.
Using a fan to cool down the skin may help alleviate the sensation.
Thoroughly
remove the peel with a cool, wet cotton square and spray the entire face with a
soothing toner to restore pH balance, rehydrate the skin, and reduce erythema.
Apply a
brightening serum that contains fruit extracts and hexapeptide-2 to the
client's face and neck and administer a soothing facial massage. This massage
should last for three to five minutes or until the serum is fully absorbed into
the skin.
Proceed
to also massage a brightening cream into the skin. This cream should contain
lightening ingredients that brighten the skin, enhance cell renewal, reduce
inflammation, and exfoliate the skin, revealing a more luminous complexion.
This massage should be 10 minutes in length, incorporating effleurage,
tapotement, and shiatsu pressure point movements.
Evenly
apply a cooling, brightening treatment mask that stimulates metabolic action
and cell renewal and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties to the
client's face and neck. Let the client rest for 10 to 15 minutes. This
relaxation time is the perfect opportunity for a hand massage.
Remove
the mask, being sure to clean off any remaining residue with a cotton square
saturated in warm water.
Spray a
brightening toner evenly over the face and neck, and patting them dry with a
clean tissue.
The most
important step is to thoroughly apply a full-spectrum protection cream to the
skin. This step is incredibly important because chemical peels make the skin
more susceptible to sun damage and more reactive. Use a proficient
environmental protection cream that uses a physical blocker like zinc or
titanium dioxide.
Recommend
a homecare regimen that will continue to offer the client reliable sun
protection and address symptoms of sun damage.
Lydia
Sarfati
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